Slogans of the Umayyad Caliphs and their Seals, a Reading of Their Sources until the End of the Fifth Century AH

ABETRACT: The slogans written on rings or seals represent an important source of non-traditional history, and have administrative, political and literary connotations. They tell a history, reveal positions and events, and illuminate the personalities of their bearers, their life philosophies, and their ways of thinking. They are mrrors of mnds, if this description is true. The rings themselves are an important symbol of authority, the insignia of the king, and the signs of sovereignty. They can be described as a short history record, as they are evidence of the time in which they were engraved. This study will discuss these engravings in detail and analysis.